Rearch on Inventory

Topic7 Inventory 1 Identify the primary authoritative guidance for the accounting for inventories. What is the predecessor literature? FASB ASC 330 Inventory provides primary authoritative guidance for the accounting for inventory. The predecessor literature about it is Accounting Research Bulletins (ARB) No. 43 Chapter 4, paragraph 4 (Issued June, 1953) and Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) NO. 151 Inventory cost- an amendment of ARB No. 43, Chapter 4 (Issued November, 2004). 2 List the three types of goods that are classified as inventory. What characteristic will automatically exclude an item from being classified as inventory? Answer: Glossary (FASB ASC 330-10-20) 10-20: Inventory The term inventory embraces goods awaiting sale (the merchandise of a trading concern and the finished goods of a manufacturer), goods in the course of production (work in process), and goods to be consumed directly or indirectly in production (raw materials and supplies). This definition of inventories excludes long-term assets subject to depreciation accounting, or goods which, when put into use, will be so classified. The fact that a depreciable asset is retired from regular use and held for sale does not indicate that the item should be classified as part of the inventory. 3 Define â€Å"market† as used in the phrase â€Å"lower-of-cost-or-market† Answer: Glossary (FASB ASC 330-10-20) 10-20 Market: As used in the phrase lower of cost or market, the term market means current replacement cost (by purchase or by reproduction, as the case may be) provided that it meets both of the following conditions a. Market shall not exceed the net realizable value b. Market shall not be less than net realizable value reduced by an allowance for an approximately normal profit margin. 4 Explain when it is acceptable to state inventory above cost and which industries allow this practice. Answer: Stating Inventories Above Cost (FASB ASC 330-35) 35-16: It is generally recognized that income accrues only at the time of sale, and that gains may not be anticipated by reflecting assets at their current sales prices. However, exceptions for reflecting assets at selling prices are permissible for both of the following: a. Inventories of gold and silver,when there is an effective government-controlled market at a fixed monetary value b. Inventories representing agricultural, mineral, and other products, with all of the following criteria: 1. Units of which are interchangeable 2. Units of which have an immediate marketability at quoted prices 3. Units for which appropriate costs may be difficult to obtain. Where such inventories are stated at sales prices, they shall be reduced by expenditures to be incurred in disposal. 35-15: Only in exceptional cases may inventories properly be stated above cost. For example, precious metals having a fixed monetary value with no substantial cost of marketing may be stated at such monetary value; any other exceptions must be justifiable by inability to determine appropriate approximate costs, immediate marketability at quoted market price, and the characteristic of unit interchangeability. A brief summary about predecessor standards ARB NO. 43 Chapter4 (issued June, 1953), is predecessor standards that corresponds to the Codification. This chapter sets forth the general principles applicable to the pricing of inventories of mercantile and manufacturing enterprises. The standard gives a major objective of accounting for inventories and the primary basis of accounting, including how to allocate variable production overheads incurred in bringing an article to its existing condition and location. Cost for inventory purposes may be determined under several assumptions as to the flow of cost factors and enterprises should select one that most clearly reflects periodic income. This chapter also presents some of the valuation and estimation concepts that companies use to develop relevant inventory information. The basis of stating inventories must be consistently applied and should be isclosed in the financial statements. Statement of Financial Accounting Standard NO. 151 Inventory Costs amends the guidance in ARB No. 43, Chapter 4, â€Å"Inventory Pricing,† in order to clarify the accounting for abnormal amounts of idle facility expense, freight, handling costs, and wasted material (spoilage). In addition, this Statement requires that allocatio n of fixed production overheads to the costs of conversion be based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. This amendment is issued in November 2004 and effective for inventory costs incurred during fiscal years beginning after June15, 2005

Form for Summarizing and Evaluating Research Articles Essay

In terms of the social functioning of drug users, Kandel referred to numerous studies that have examined the effect of drug use on social functioning in adolescents and young adults. The author was interested in further examining this topic as it pertains to these individuals’ transitioning into adulthood. Previous studies cited by the author have addressed this topic from the standpoint of how marijuana use affects the age of marriage, but no previous study has looked at child-bearing practices. The author hypothesized that the delinquent behavior found in adolescent drug-users will similarly be found in drug-using parents. In terms of parenting style, Kandel cited studies on three widely-recognized parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive) and studies that examine child-bearing practices of drug users with data collected from clinical settings. The author questioned whether this data will be replicated by studies with general population samples. Evaluation: The literature review of the social functioning of drug users is thorough, and the research questions and hypotheses (both of which are clearly stated) are clearly justified by the literature review. Additionally, the section of literature review devoted to studies of parenting style and drug use is valuable as it cites studies that are more closely related to my own research interests. I question the author’s use of a three-tiered description of parenting style as a four-tiered model (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful) is more commonly used. Methods: Kandel collected the data from 1,277 people (ages 28-29) she has been following since 1971 (and thus she has amassed considerable information on the history of their drug use). Data was obtained from two-hour long personal interviews with the subjects. Questions were asked about parenting style in relation to the oldest child in their care and about the history of use of 12 different drug classes. Questions about children’s behavior and parenting issues were taken from previously issued questionnaires and not designed specifically for this study. Many of the questions about drug use were also taken from previously issued studies. Evaluation: The large sample size and the large body of information about the subjects’ drug use lend credibility to the study. The results of the study, however, might be skewed as the only people interviewed were the parents. As the parents have a history of drug use, and abuse, I would not implicitly trust all of their responses about parenting style and the behavior of their children. It would have been helpful if, for instance, teachers were interviewed about the behavior of the children implicated in the study. It would also have been appreciated if the author had discussed why the pre-existing questionnaires were chosen. Were these particular questionnaires ones with a proven track-record of statistically reliable results? Are they the most-widely used in the field? Are there any shortcomings of these questionnaires? Results: The study found that the strongest associations between childrearing patterns and child behavior are between parent discipline and child aggression and between parental closeness and child attachment to the parent. The data is broken down by gender of parent, and different results were found for maternal and paternal parenting styles for many of the child behavior patterns. Then, Kandel looked at the data to see patterns between drug involvement and marital/parenting status. Drug users (both current and former) are more likely to be single with no children. Next, she examined the relationship between drug involvement and parenting style and found â€Å"very few statistically significant relationships† (p. 189). Finally, she looked for associations between drug use and the children’s behavior, finding that maternal drug use is strongly associated with problems controlling children. Evaluation: Though the tables displaying the statistical analysis of the results provide the number of respondents who fall into the categories being discussed, the text itself contains none of these numbers. For instance, nowhere in the text does the author give the number of drug using mothers. From one of the tables, I found this number to be 166 (a very small sample given the number of participants in the study). Discussion and Conclusions: Kandel was quick to note the limitations of this study and the need for further research to fill these limitations. She also positioned this study and its findings within the framework of previous studies and remarked on the larger implications of her study. Evaluation: The implications of this study can be tied directly to my own research project. Kandel notes that â€Å"conduct problems in childhood and early adolescence are among the most important precursors of adolescent drug involvement† (p. 192). Overall Assessment of Quality: This is, in general, an average article. The conclusions came directly from the results, the methodology met the demands of the research question, and the research question grew out of the literature review. However, I have some concerns about the discussion of parenting style (only three types of parenting are considered), the unquestioned use of pre-existing questionnaires, and the lack of acknowledgment of ethical issues. Complete Reference: Adalbjarnardottir, S. & Hafsteinsson, L. G. (2001). Adolescents’ Perceived Parenting Styles and their Substance Use: Concurrent and Longitudinal Analyses. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11 (4), 401-423. Abstract: The concise abstract provides details on the study, the participants, the questions that were asked, the variables, and the findings. This abstract indicates that this article is essential to my research. Evaluation: The abstract is absolutely extraordinary in the amount of detail that is provided in so few words. Introduction: This study developed from previous research in which it was suggested, but not proven, that interpersonal processes (such as parental and peer factors) are effective predictors of substance use. Evaluation: The introduction’s assertion for the necessity of this research is convincing. Literature Review: The authors presented a detailed review of the literature on the following topics: family socialization and tobacco and alcohol consumption, parenting style, and the discrimination of licit and illicit drugs in studies of this nature. They noted an important oversight in previous research: most studies of adolescent substance abuse have focused on single dimensions of parenting style (some studies focus on support, some on control, etc. ). In order to correct this lapse, the authors used Lamborn’s four-fold typology of parenting style. The distinction between licit and illicit drugs is germane to this study as cultural perceptions of licit and illicit drug use are omnipresent in Icelandic culture. The three hypotheses of this study are very clearly expressed: â€Å"adolescents from authoritative families would report lower levels of licit drug use,† â€Å"adolescents from neglectful families would report higher levels of licit drug use,† and â€Å"adolescents from neglectful families would report higher use of illicit drugs† (pp. 405-406). Evaluation: The authors clearly point out areas in which previous research is valuable and areas in which it can be improved upon. Their analyses of prior studies provide clear justification for their own study. The clear development of the research questions and hypotheses from the literature review is reflected in the organization of the article: the introduction and literature review are combined into one section. Methods: An initial sample of 1,293 14-year old students (all native Icelanders, all Lutheran, and all speaking Icelandic as a first language) participated in the study at base-line. 928 of these students participated in a follow-up session three years later. Of these students, 347 could be classified into one of the four family types. These 347 students form the nucleus of the study. The authors chose these 347 students in order to compare the results of the concurrent and longitudinal analyses. Because the authors wanted to ensure that neglectful families were represented in their study, they used passive consent procedures (as opposed to active consent). The students filled in the self-report questionnaire during school hours. The questions asked about cigarette smoking, alcohol use, illicit drug use, parental and peer substance use, socioeconomic status, and parenting styles. The authors used logistic regression analyses to determine whether parenting style (as perceived at age 14) presented a significant risk factor for substance use at the time of the baseline screening as well as three years later. The following variables were considered: gender, socioeconomic status (later considered insignificant), smoking at age 14, drinking at age 14, smoking of parents, drinking of parents, smoking of peers, drinking of peers, parenting style, daily smoking at 17, heavy drinking at 17, and illicit substance abuse. Evaluation: The discussion of methodology is thorough, and the study is well-designed to answer the research questions. The authors gave examples of the types of questions that were asked as well as the choices of answers. The variables are clearly described and defined, and the description of the measurement processes is clear. The authors were quick to answer any potential ethical questions that might arise: they noted that the students were not paid for the study, and they provided a rationale for their use of passive consent procedures. One concern I have is that the authors only considered hashish and amphetamines in their questions about illicit drug use; they did not consider other types of illicit drugs or misuse of prescription medications. Results: The authors used both descriptive data analysis as well as inferential data analysis. In their attrition analysis, the authors found that students who perceived their parents as neglectful were more likely to drop out of the study. The authors cautioned that this might have somewhat skewed the results of their study. The authors found that parenting styles, gender, and peer smoking were indicators of smoking at age 14. Smoking at 14 and parental smoking were the sole indicators of daily smoking at 17. Parenting style and peer drinking were predictive of drinking at 14. Parenting style, peer drinking, and drinking at 14 were associated with heavy drinking at 17. Parenting style, smoking at 14/17, drinking at 14/17, and gender were associated with illicit drug use. Evaluation: The descriptive analysis clearly summarizes the participants and variables. The statistical analyses are appropriate to the research questions and hypotheses. However, as the authors noted, there is a lack of data about 17-year old students with neglectful parents. Discussion and Conclusions: The authors detected a general relation, as expected, between parenting styles and adolescent substance use. Their results support previous research which had suggested that adolescents with authoritative parents were less likely to use substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs. In some respects, the results of this study differ from previous European and American studies, a fact which led the authors to question the extent to which cultural differences affect adolescent drug use. The authors were careful to note and discuss three limitations of their study: the self-report measures, the method used to assess parenting style, and the attrition rate. Evaluation: One weakness of the discussion section is that the authors do not identify many ways in which this study opens the door to future research. Overall Assessment of Quality: This is a high-quality article that directly bears on the subject of my own research project. The primary strength of this article lies in how well-organized the study was, from the original research questions to the conclusions. The authors noted the limitations, and potential weaknesses, of the study, but their accounting for these factors is satisfactory. My primary concern with the study is that the authors did not draw enough distinction between the types of illicit drug use. This is an area that I will consider in my own study.

A critical analysis of schools of strategic management Essay

A critical analysis of schools of strategic management - Essay Example Strategic management is the way of finding gaps in the current performance of the organization and to design, formulate and implement new steps in order to fill these gaps and to align the organizational functions with the pre settled objectives. It is the method of aligning all the activities being undertaken in the organization such as management, marketing, research and development and Computer information system in a prescribed way to achieve the goals of the organization.In order to effectively undertake the process of strategic planning and implementation different thinkers have presented theories, which have been divide into different schools of thoughts. The paper undertakes a comprehensive critical analysis of the underlying assumptions, perspectives and paradigmatic stance taken in these models. The chosen schools of thoughts are:The first step namely the strategy formulation involves the development of the business mission, evaluation of the opportunities and threats faced by the business organization in the business, by using tools such as SWOT analysis, examining the strengths and weaknesses of the business, determining the long term objectives of the business and designing the new strategies to eke in the process of achieving the new targets. It also include the processes to determine the investment direction, the business markets to be addressed, extension of the operations of the business, limitations faced by the business in order to undertake the business activities. ... The classic models for developing strategy, known as the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis and called the "Design School Model" by Mintzberg et al. (1998) has been presented in the proceeding section. SWOT Analysis: So strategies are SO, WO, ST, and WT Strategies to take advantage of external opportunities. All managers would like their organizations to be in position where internal strengths can be used to take advantage of external trends and events. Organizations generally will pursue WO, ST, or WT Strategies in order to get into a situation where they can apply SO Strategies. When a firm has major weaknesses, it will strive to overcome them and make them strengths. When an organization faces major threats, it will seek to avoid them in order to concentrate on opportunities. As indicated in the Information Technology Perspective, immense opportunities are available to many firms today from wireless communication advances in technology. (David, 180) WO Strategies aim at improving internal weaknesses by taking advantage of external opportunities. Sometimes key external opportunities exist, but a firm has internal weaknesses that prevent it from exploiting those opportunities. For example, there may be a high demand for electronic devices to control the amount and timing of fuel injection in automobile engines (opportunity), but a certain auto parts manufacturer may lack the technology required for producing these devices (weakness). One possible WO Strategy would be to acquire this technology by forming a joint venture with a firm having competency in this area. An alternative WO Strategy would be to hire and train people with the required technical capabilities (David, 180). ST Strategies use

How was Slavery impacted (Mod 4 Disc1) Assignment

How was Slavery impacted (Mod 4 Disc1) - Assignment Example The major impact of the slavery during the civil war was the skills acquired in the Africa to the work done in the Americas, which increased the industry productions. Slavery was the major contradiction to the national purpose and the critical source of the irrigation in the American conscience; it defined the American freedom and called for the commitment for natural human rights. Before slavery, communities felt secured because they were protected by the strongest men in the community but during the slavery period the community was insecure and the lifestyle of the communities changed gradually. The slavery caused ineffectiveness in the public schools system, divisions in the families since the each community did not come from the slavery problem with same measures. The south state of the America depended entirety on the cotton plantations; they used the slave labor on the plantations to work and earn more income (McPherson & Hogue, 2010). During the Civil War, they feared that losing the slave would have severe economic impact on the cotton plantations. Slavery was the major incongruity to the national purpose and the critical source of the irrigation in the American conscience; it defined the American freedom and called for the commitment for natural human rights. During that period the African slaves trade become illegal and these pushed the North state to abolish the slavery that denied the slaves human right and the dignity. The pension earning of the slaves was not implemented because the important documents were destroyed during the war period; hence, they were not compensated. In conclusion, the war resulted to some slaves settling in these countries because they could not trace the record about their birthplace; the war affected econom y and political activities

Comic spirit- romance in comedies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comic spirit- romance in comedies - Essay Example Behind the superficial nature of Wilde’s play is a serious implication of self-righteous morality and hypocritical aristocracy too characteristic of the Victorian culture that to some extent brought about an end to his career as a highly acclaimed playwright in London. Wilde got enmeshed with a legal suit against his homosexuality that eventually led to his downfall ~ detention, impoverishment, divorce, exile and sadly, his death. Seven decades after his death, detractors, viewers and readers still consider The Importance of Being Earnest as an enchanting yet absolutely playful and shallow comedy, an outlook fairly echoing the way of thinking of an era wherein homosexuality is regarded as a forbidden subject. England’s homosexuality decriminalization in 1967 and America’s awareness of the gay society and particular interest in the undisclosed homosexual The Importance of Being Earnest is probably the most brilliant theatrical exhibition of identity crisis since Shakespeares Twelfth Night and at the same time as comical. It is a story of two young men, Jack Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff, both wanting to escape from their real dull lives and from the social expectations of the English upper class, thus inventing imaginary personalities that provide each of them a suitable alibi for their individual secret adventures. Jack creates a fictitious brother â€Å"Ernest† and Algernon invents a friend â€Å"Mr. Bunbury.† These deceptions in the last part, however, threatened to ruin their romantic happy-endings and shake the aristocratic fascination for origin, sophistication and fine breeding (Meineck). William Shakespeare’s works have risen above excellence and became very powerful that deeply influenced Western literature and culture. His works were collected, continually adopted and studied in the academe and published in a variety of editions after his death and earned him a reputation as the

Teaching Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Teaching Styles - Essay Example The teachers should indicate where the progress of every student is being made. Praise, when earned makes the student aware and feels his success. Constructive criticism may be needed where persistent errors are being made. 4. Independence. The learner's gradual independence from adults and their increasing sense of responsibility are positive indicators of good teaching. The degree of independence gained in a given period should eventually measure up with the maturity level of the student. 5. Remedial teaching. Good teaching is both diagnostic and remedial in many subjects. There are various standardized achievement and diagnostic tests to help teachers to identify specific errors and weaknesses of students. Teacher-made tests made on content of the subject matter also indicate where remedial teaching may be required. 7. Integration. Building upon previous knowledge and experiences acquired, new learning experiences will undoubtedly contribute to an integration of what has been completed into the new learning experiences. 8. Lesson planning. Learning units, lessons and activities for the day and even house-keeping must be well-planned. Daily activity should be thoughtfully planned indicating the detailed procedure and the time frame for each topic. The common strategies and techniques used in teaching are the following: 1.) lecture 2.) discussion 3.) question-and-answer 4.) lecture-demonstration 5.) problem strategy 6.) project method 7.) laboratory 8.) field trip 9.) group or team teaching and 10.) drill strategy or practice. Lecture Strategy. This is classified as an authoritative teaching procedure wherein the teacher teaches largely through exposition, either oral or written. While other authorities view the lecture strategy as traditional procedure, lecture is the most natural and practical way of imparting information. Its efficacy, however, depends upon who does the lecturing, what new information he has to impart, and how he presents it. Lecturing is most often considered as a suitable technique for large groups of listeners, although it may also be used with the small groups. If not properly delivered, lectures may be time-consuming. Even a good lecture may fail as a teaching procedure if the recipient-- the listeners-are not able to follow or to understand the facts presented. As used in higher education, lecture strategy is a teaching procedure which involves clarification, exposition, and description of some major ideas that have been cast into the form of questions. The fundamental aim of lecture is to develop the act of listening and to develop creative thinking and reasoning. It is therefore, recommended that, for the lecture to be effective and productive, it must be interesting, well-expresses, concise, well-organized and adapted to the abilities and experiences of the listeners. Lecture fits into the classroom activities where it is needed to supplement the textbook, classroom discussion, student report, and individual study. A lecture may be either formal or

Motivation Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Motivation Plan - Research Paper Example These efforts will then set the stage for the Job enrichment program. It is hoped that these efforts will generate the targeted measures. However, beyond those figures, it is hoped that these motivation plan will bring back the confidence of the GM employees to the company and help bring General Motors back to its pre-crisis stature as one of the most admired companies in the U.S. and one of the foremost automobile manufacturer in the world. Organization: General Motors Corporation (GM) General Motors Corporation (GM) was among the biggest casualties during the â€Å"Great Recession† that rocked the entire global economy. It is the biggest automobile manufacturer in the United States and one of the highest employers of the nation. GM manufactures Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet and many other brands of cars and trucks sold to over 30 countries worldwide. Last June 2009, GM filed for bankruptcy wiping out jobs and share value in drastically affecting employees and investors alike. A lso, retirees have been affected with some cuts in their health care benefits and pensions have been threatened (Isidore). Prior to the credit crunch of 2008, the historic surrender of one of the biggest and oldest companies was practically unthinkable. In fact, people have generally held the â€Å"General† in high regard. ... Need for a Motivational Plan, Benefits & Selection Process There are three important goals for employees namely equity, achievement and camaraderie. As such, employees need to feel that there is equal treatment which must apply to all the basics aspects of their job such as the compensation, the benefits accorded to them and of course the way they are treated. Also, they must feel secure about the job and this must be a general feeling within the whole organization. Likewise, employees ought to be able to take pride in what they are doing, what they have done and of course who they are doing these things for. At the same time, employees are able to be more motivated if they have a mutually beneficial working condition with their colleagues (Sirota, Mischkind, Meltzer). These have been practically decimated when General Motors Corporation (GM) succumbed to the recession. In fact, there remains an underlying uncertainty as to what the future will hold for these employees. Thus, this mo tivational plan is prepared to help improve the morale of the employees by designing a program that will help line leaders be motivated as well as their employees through a spill over effect. The motivation plan will be integrated on the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) so that it can be measured easily. This is a very important aspect to ensure that the motivational plan is followed through since having the capability to measure work affects employee behavior. Likewise, the BSC will enable the policymakers to have a quick clear view of what is going on in the organization. This is possible since the BSC not only focuses on the traditional measure of finance but considers other key perspectives as well such as the customer perspective, internal business

Effects of Interest Rates on Consumer Purchasing Term Paper

Effects of Interest Rates on Consumer Purchasing - Term Paper Example An increase in interest rates may have different effects on the consumer buying behaviors. One of the effects is that it causes a rise in borrowing cost. Therefore, consumers are going to be discouraged to borrow or save. The increased interests will leave consumers with little disposable income and therefore this will reduce consumption or consumer buying   (Soderlind, p.402). Another effect of a rise in interest rates on consumer behavior is the desire to save rather than to spend. The consumers will tend to save their money since they will be encouraged by the high-interest rates the banks offer. The value of the dollar increases with a rise in interest rates. One cause for the increase is the increased money flows. Therefore, investors are more likely to save in US banks if the US rates are high compared to other countries. The main result of a stronger dollar is that it makes exporting from the US not to be competitive leading to  increase in exports and a reduction in imports. In the long run, consumer consumption will have reduced in places outside the United States of America. Increased interest rate reduces the buyers’ willingness to make investments, as well as risky purchases. Consequently, they shy off from borrowing and end up saving for fear of losing their money. In such cases, demand for products reduces and there is a general reduction in consumer expenditure on goods (Esch, p. 302). The rise in interest rates has the general effect of reducing the consumers’ demand for purchasing products. In the case of an increase, consumers try to save and spend less due to a reduced disposable income. On the other side, a reduction in the interest rates will affect the consumers buying behavior in various ways. One way is that lower interest rates will result in reduced returns on savings.  

Legal case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Legal case - Essay Example use of such teams, in addition to the facilities for horse racing and other spectator events; that such stadiums and other facilities would also accommodate other events and serve other uses which would provide needed recreation, forums and expositions for the public." The Legislature further found that "additional facilities [were] needed * * * to accommodate trade shows and other expositions in order to promote industry and development * * * and provide a forum for public events." The Legislature declared that the location of the complex in the meadowlands "would stimulate the needed development" of the area. N.J.S.A. 5:10-2. The Authority is empowered to establish, develop, construct, operate, maintain, improve and otherwise effectuate a project to be located in the Hackensack meadowlands upon a site not to exceed 750 acres consisting of one or more stadiums, coliseums, arenas, pavilions, stands, field houses, playing fields, recreation centers, courts, gymnasiums, club houses, a race track for the holding of horse race meetings, and other buildings, structures, facilities, properties and appurtenances incidental and necessary to a complex suitable for the holding of athletic contests or other sporting events, or trade shows, exhibitions, spectacles, public meetings or other expositions, and such project may include driveways, roads, approaches, parking areas, parks, recreation areas, food vending facilities, restaurants, transportation structures, systems and facilities, and equipment, furnishings, and all other structures and appurtenant facilities related to, necessary for, or complementary to the pu rposes of the project or any facility thereof. [ 6(a)] To carry out this statutory mandate the Authority is given the power of eminent domain ( 9) and is authorized to issue bonds and notes which are expressly not debts of the State. 10. The Authority may relocate public highways and utilities after consultation with the Meadowlands Commission and the Department of Transportation. In locating and constructing the sports and exposition facilities the Authority is exempt from state and local zoning, planning and building codes. 5(x). The Authority is a public body corporate and politic established in the Department of Community Affairs. 4(a). Its membership consists of the State Treasurer, the Attorney General and a member of the Hackensack Meadowlands Development Commission to be appointed by the Governor, all three being members ex officio, while four other members are to be appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate. 4(b). From the latter group the Governor is to appoint a chairman, while the entire membership is to choose a vice-chairman as well as a secretary and treasurer (the latter two need not be members). 4(d). The Legislature has the power to dissolve the Authority, provided "no debts or obligations [are] outstanding or

Ethical and Moral Business Management (MBA) Essay

Ethical and Moral Business Management (MBA) - Essay Example My approach at decision making therefore applies deontology with the goal of making the right decision regardless of its consequences. Morality has deeply influenced my professional practice, and decision making in the workplace context. Throughout my term as a summer trainee at Zain Telecom, I have demonstrated ethical decision making by doing what was right in each situation. Working in the Finance Department, which was one of the most critical functional units of the firm, I was responsible for sorting records and analyzing financial statements for the company. I had full accessibility to critical company information and financial records but I carried out my duties without tinkering at the information. I did what was ethically right and expected of me given my position and responsibilities for the role. I resorted to the company policy and acted in accordance with the code of conduct while handling the information. As such I displayed full integrity and responsibility with the critical financial information I was entrusted with. Because my career focuses on accounting and finance, auditing is a key component of my work. Auditing is a domain of accounting which demands ethical integrity and accountability in professional practice. During my term as a full-time Assistant Auditor at Delloite, I was exposed to financial information from a wide array of companies and organizations. Not only did I demonstrate integrity while handling information but I also did what was right by carrying out my duties of auditing the financials truly. My conduct was geared towards ensuring accurate and reliable financial information for the various clients. During my practice as an auditor, I ensured compliance with law and the ethical code of each firm. I responsibly explored the accounting system and reported only accurate information thereby reflecting aspects of Kantian ethics

Reading Reflection Essay Example for Free

Reading Reflection Essay At first, I think literacy has two meanings. The first meaning is culture or civilization and the second meaning is the ability to write and read. Both meaning are very similar, they are related to cultural knowledge. But in today’s society, literacy not only means culture. The concept of information literacy is people can effectively use and recognize the information. Besides, people can redefining and evaluate themselves in today’s information society. By reading Nunberg’s Teaching Students to Swim in the Online Sea, I think the concept of literacy is the discerning ability of people. Nowadays, much knowledge is deriving from Internet. These are second hand materials, not the primary sources. Some resources are not true. The way every people think of the Web is very different. It tests their discerning abilities. Like most people judge the credibility of a website by its outward. The information literacy means to be able to effectively identify, evaluate, and use the information. Also, the information literacy is expanding to include the map, media, and some electronic text. The information literacy has a deeper meaning. Students are highly familiar about website and search engine. They are effectively integrating the concept of information literacy into their learning programs. For me, I think the information literacy is good for college students. Because it can help them recognize when the information is needed, they have the ability to use the information. Literacy information is increasingly important in college life. Students faced with diverse, rich information every day. It was a big challenge for them.

The Main Functions Of The Maternity Nurse Health Essay

The Main Functions Of The Maternity Nurse Health Essay A Maternity Nurse is employed by Families who have new born babies and is qualified or experience to care for babies. They usually work short term contract and usually live in with the family and is generally on duty for 24 hours a day-6 days a week. The main functions of a maternity nurse are: To support parents in all aspects of the babys care, providing constant guidance on all aspects of care. Helping to establish good feeding routines which can be maintained by the parent/s after the maternity nurse leaves the family Show mum correct way to breast feed, show parents correct way to bath and change baby Helping to establish good sleeping routines which can be maintained by the parent/s after the maternity nurse leaves the family Help the parents to integrate a new baby into family life The maternity nurse may get up during the night to feed and change the baby or to get up to support mum or dad whilst they feed or change the baby. Some Maternity nurses are happy to do additional duties such as basic grocery shopping and general errands, to ensure the house hold runs smoothly and to give the parents some time alone with the baby. Explain the importance of maintaining confidentiality in a maternity nurse role, including when and why you can break that confidentiality. It is important for a maternity nurse to maintain confidentiality as either parent may confide in her and if she breaks that confidence she will lose the trust of that parent. Also, by breaking this confidence she may cause a rift between the parents especially if either parent has confided in her about the other. A maternity nurse must know the difference between what she must keep private and what can be discussed openly. This confidentiality can be broken if there is a risk of harm to the baby or if either parent is not coping well for example if a new mum had post natal depression, she may need professional help if the maternity nurse cannot cope with the situation on her own. Explain barriers to effective communication working with parents and how to overcome them. A maternity nurse may face the following barriers when dealing with parents: Language: parents may not speak the same language as the maternity nurse or they may come from a different part of the same country, e.g. a region with a different dialect. Cultural: different cultures communicate in different ways and their interpretation of the same message may often differ. Biases: this is largely due to our experiences and how we think of ourselves and other, for example a younger mum may find it difficult to communicate with an older maternity nurse as she may think she is mothering her or not taking her seriously. Assumption: it is important that a maternity nurse does not make the mistake of assuming that parents understand or agree with everything she tells them. Some of the ways these barriers could be overcome are: Language: speak clearly and slowly using simple and concise language. Cultural: consider where the parents are from and if there are any cultural differences which need to be taken into account when communicating. Biases: it is important to empathise and try to relate to the parents. It is only by overcoming our own biases can we then look to try and understand the bias of a parent. Assumption: for the relationship between maternity nurse and parents to work, no assumptions can be made by the maternity nurse. The maternity nurse needs to be astute and ask questions in a way that does not alienate the parents. 2.1 Explain the recognised causes of sudden infant death syndrome. The exact cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is not known however it is accepted that it may be a combination of a number of factors. Four main causes have been identified: Infant development: may be caused by a delay in nerve cell development in the brain which is essential for normal lung and heart function. Research has shown a delay in development in the function and formation of a number of serotonin binding nerve pathways in the brain. These pathways are vitally important to regulate blood pressure, breathing and heart rate. Rebreathing asphyxia: caused by a baby lying face down, it is difficult for the baby to breathe and can cause the baby to breathe in expelled carbon dioxide. Bedding, blankets, soft mattresses are some types of sleep surfaces that can impair breathing when the baby is face down. Hyperthermia (increased temperature): its not certain if increased air temperature can cause SIDS on its own or does it need to be in conjunction with a baby being unable to breathe. Usually a symptom of overdressing, when the baby has too much clothes on or too many blankets, covers which increase temperature and lead to an increased metabolic rate and eventually a loss of breathing control. Environmental factors: could include people smoking tobacco near your baby, being exposed to wood or coal burning fires, excessive smog. 2.2 Explain the ways in which sudden infant death syndrome can be prevented. Parents, family members or carers can take a number of steps to reduce SIDS: Sleep position: when putting a baby to sleep, place the baby on their back as the risk of SIDS is higher when a baby sleeps on their stomach or side. Sleep surface: it is best if a baby sleeps on a firm surface to prevent suffocation or smothering. Smoke: ensure the baby does not inhale smoke of any kind especially tobacco. Temperature: avoid overdressing the baby or using too many blankets/covers. Regulate room temperature where possible. Let baby sleep in comfortable, light clothing. Sleeping arrangements: dont let the baby sleep in the same bed as parents or another person including a child. 3.1 Explain the recognised causes of post natal depression. Some women experience depression after childbirth this is called postnatal depression, which usually starts in the first four to six weeks after they give birth, although in some cases it developed after several months. Its still not clear what causes post natal depression but some recognised causes may include: the stress of looking after a newborn baby both physically and emotionally shortly after pregnancy hormonal changes occur; some women may be more sensitive to hormones depression during pregnancy a difficult birth relationship worries financial problems lack of support from family or friends after birth there are physical health problems that occur , such as urinary incontinence (loss of bladder control), or persistent pain from an episiotomy scar or a forceps delivery a history of depression or other mood disorders such as bipolar disorder have a previous history of postnatal depression during pregnancy experience anxiety or depression It could take months before people cope with the pressure of being new parents. It is important for the maternity nurse to support the new parents even if the mum shows no signs of post natal depression, simply having a baby can be stressful and life changing and that itself can trigger depression. 3.2 Describe the ways the maternity nurse can support a mother through Post Natal Depression. The Maternity nurse can be very supportive and make the mum feel like she is doing a great job with her baby. She should make sure mum is getting enough sleep and is well rested. The maternity nurse should help as much around the house, including doing errands around the house to ease the stress. She should also manage visitors, too many visitors equals too many conflicting advice. If mum is suffering from post natal depression, getting different advice can be confusing and will not help mum get better. 3.3 Explain where the maternity nurse should seek help should they become concerned about a mothers condition. It is common for mums for mums to become irritability or experience mood changes, and episodes of tearfulness after birth, this is known as baby blues. Baby blues is usually over within a few weeks. But if the symptoms are persistent, it could well be the result of postnatal depression. It is important for the maternity nurse to recognise the signs of post natal depression If the maternity nurse is concerned about mums behaviour she should speak to dad or a close friend or family member to find out what mums character was like before baby was born. She would need to find out if the birth was not what mum expected as that can also trigger post natal depression. If mum has a flat expression, doesnt want to get dressed or go out and meet people, these are all signs of post natal depression. The maternity nurse should monitor the situation, if it doesnt get better after a couple of days then she should let dad know and he should seek professional help. It is important for partners, family and friends to recognise signs of postnatal depression as early as possible and seek professional advice. There are many symptoms of postnatal depression, feeling unable to cope, difficulty sleeping and low mood but many women are not aware they have the condition. 5.1 Explain what reflux is. What are the main reasons babies experience this condition. How can you support the baby through these times? Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) commonly known as reflux, happens when the milk baby has drank comes back up into his oesophagus which is the food pipe or even into his mouth. It is a temporary which usually gets better on its own. It is not unusual for a baby to get reflux and it doesnt necessary a sign that baby is ill. During their first three months almost half of babies have reflux once or more a day (PRODIGY 2009). A small percentage of babies have trouble severe or persistent reflux which affects their well-being. This is called gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). The babys food pipe connects his mouth with his stomach. Your baby has a ring of muscle (valve) where his food pipe joins his stomach. The muscular valve opens to let through milk the baby has swallowed, and closes to keep milk in his tummy. Babies usually get reflux because the ring of muscle hasnt developed fully yet. This means that when the babys tummy is full, milk and acid can come back up the food pipe, causing discomfort. If your babys reflux is mild, and hes still feeding well and isnt too upset by it, these tips may help: Hold baby in an upright position when feeding. After each feed upright for 20 to 30 minutes. Giving baby smaller but more frequent feeds. Bottle fed babies need to be burped every two to three minutes while being fed. 5.2 Explain what colic is. What are the main reasons babies experience this condition. How can you support the baby through these times? Colic happens when a healthy baby cries excessively and cant be soothed. It is also called persistent crying. For a new mum this sort of crying can be very upsetting, trying to comfort a crying baby over many hours is hard work and leaves mum feeling helpless. This persistent crying can drive mum to tears herself. It is important for the maternity nurse to let mum know that she is doing nothing wrong and baby is crying for no particular reason. It usually starts between two weeks and four weeks and is usually over by the time baby turns three or four months old. When babies have colic, they cry more often and for longer periods. After some time their crying will become the same as babies who do not have colic. It is not known why some babies will cry more than other babies. Colic affects boys and girls in equal measure and breastfed and formula babies. It is important to reassure new mothers that their crying is not a result of anything they are doing.(Barr et al 2005) There are a number of reasons a baby may be crying: Indigestion and wind may be caused by a maturing gut Babies have to learn how to stop crying Babies may need to be cuddled The following suggestions may comfort baby by simulating the environment of the uterus: Ensure your heartbeat is regular and hold baby close to your body Swaddle baby if he is less than a month old and snugly wrap baby. Make sure it is quiet and dark. A warm calming bath can soothe baby. Rocking or swaying can also be calming. 5.3 Explain a range of allergies or intolerances which may contribute to colic or a baby being unsettled and how would you recognise them. In certain cases, babys crying is caused by: An allergy which is temporary A possible intolerance to milk protein in breast or formula milk A lactose intolerance which may be temporary A breastfeeding position which is awkward (baby may not have latched on correctly) Other illness such as fever, upset tummy etc. In rare cases (1 in 10), babies may cry for different reasons, the symptoms will be: Cry which may be high pitched or not sound normal Bringing up or runny tummy, possible loss of weight or blood in stool Problems with feeding or not keeping milk down 6.1 Explain expected weight patterns of a newborn, and identify why and when to seek help. The average newborn weighs around 7.5 pounds, although birth weights can range between 5.5 to 10 pounds. Babies lose 6 10 percent of their body weight in the initial days after birth, most of this weight loss is surplus body water. After approximately 3 4 days the newborn will start to regain weight and should equal or pass the birth weight between 10 14 days. In the following 3 months, an infant should grow around an ounce a day. Between 3 6 months weight gain will normally slow to 4 5 ounces per week. Between 6 12 months weight gain reduces to 2 3 ounces a week. It is important for the parents of new born babies to remember the weight of an infant is only one indicator of growth, others are height and head circumference. A useful way of monitoring a childs growth is to plot all three growth measurements. The following are good indicators of why and when to seek help: Newborns growth measurements are significantly lower than average Newborn is not eating or sleeping well, may affect weight Newborn starts to lose weight without any extra activity 6.2 Explain best practice in caring for the cord, circumcision, nails, scalp and eyes. Include what could cause a problem, and how you would rectify this. Cord Important to keep dry Sponge baths recommended, avoid immersing newborn in water If the cord is too moist or begins to ooze, the base of the cord should be wiped with water or rubbing alcohol and then dried off Once cord falls off, continue to clean base Circumcision After every nappy change put petroleum jelly (Vaseline) on the head of the penis Initially the penis head will be red and swollen and a yellow sticky coating may appear, continue to apply petroleum jelly Once coating is gone, petroleum jelly does not need to be applied Nails Newborns hands can be covered to stop scratching Once nails are long enough, the tips may be peeled away manually Nail clipper can be used to remove part of the nail which is not connected to skin Emery board or nail file can be used to smooth sharp edges Scalp Should be treated with baby or mineral oil either once or twice a week If cradle cap develops, oil should be massaged into scalp and a fine comb used to loosen the scales Eyes Outside of the newborns eyes should be cleaned carefully when bathing If red spots are noticed on the white part of the eye or iris, nothing needs to be done as these are spots of blood and do not affect the babys vision or cause pain If thick yellow or green discharge occurs, a GP should be consulted 6.4 Explain how best to support a mother in making the change from breast to bottle. Provide information for 2 ways to handle this transition, listing the pros and cons for each. Making the change from breast feeding to bottle can be very difficult for new mums, often they can have feelings of inadequacy and guilt. They need to be supported by the dad or friends and family during this time. Also, it may help if a professional speaks to them to explain these feelings are normal. It may be useful to speak to other new mums as they will have similar feelings. When weaning from breast to bottle, there are a number of different ways to go about this, however whichever way is chosen it should always be gradual so both mum and baby have a chance to get used to it. One method is a combination of breast and cup feeding, pro baby has a chance to get used to a new way of feeding, con it may take longer to wean baby off breast. Another method is to wait a bit longer and then switch from breast to bottle, pros transition may be quicker and gives baby no other option but to get used to it, cons can be a shock for baby and mum. 6.5 Explain how the feeding will change over the first 6 weeks in a formula feed baby. Week 0 3 : between 30ml to 60ml at each feed, every 2 3 hours about 8 times a day. Baby will only be able to manage small amounts of formula. Week 4 6 : between 90ml to 120 ml at each feed, every 3 4 hours about 6 times a day. Daily consumption may be between 400 to 800 ml per day. As weight is gained, the baby should start eating more at each feed, also time between feeding will increase. Growth spurts often occur at 7 14 days old or 3 6 weeks. 7.1 Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of on demand feeding. Advantages on demand feeding Promotes trust and bonding as needs are met instantly Can help baby reach a good weight quickly Alleviates and prevents engorgement Babies have also been found to have fewer digestive problems Disadvantages on demand feeding Harder to predict and manage a childs feeding schedule if there is no schedule Amount of food not regulated Feeding cannot be planned in advanced 7.2 Analyse the main differences between two opposing theories of the sleep patterns of babies. The two sleep pattern theories I will be looking at are: hunger and comfort. Hunger Babies have small stomachs and cannot hold a lot of food in their stomachs Babies wake up to refill because their stomachs are empty Comfort Babies are not always hungry when they wake up Babies are looking for contact and comfort Babies need to be held and loved 7.3 Explain the need to start good sleeping and feeding practices with a newborn and how you help a mother implement them. It is very important to start good sleeping and feeding practices with a newborn. In the first few weeks newborns typically sleep for up to 18 hours a day. They require a lot of sleep for their development and growth, thus the need to develop good sleeping patterns early on. Good sleeping practices become really important when the newborn reaches 3 months as they start to settle into a pattern and it up to the parents to have made key decisions such as when and where the newborn sleeps. Good feeding practices are equally important for growth and development as newborns typically sleep for 2 to 4 hours at a time, waking up for a feed. The first 12 months in a childs life are crucial as more growth happens in this period than at any other time in a childs life. Also, as with sleep, good feeding practices early on will determine how a newborn gets used to feeding. A mother can be helped to implement good sleeping and feeding practices by establishing a daily routine. Although the newborn is too small to understand, they will start adapting to the habits of doing the same things over a period of time. A few helpful tips are: Ensure the room where the newborn sleeps is dark, leaving the light off at night. Dont make any noise when feeding, practice feeding without the light on. Establish a pre bed routine such as warm baths, soothing music before nap time. UNIT TITLE: Breast Feeding Support Skills 1. Why might Luke be unsettled at the breast? Give solutions to the reasons you have suggested. Luke may be unsettled at the breast as he may not be latched onto mums breast properly. It is very important that the latch is done properly and many new mums need help with it. It is a common mistake new mums make; they only put the nipple into babys mouth.   To latch properly the nipple and part of the areola needs to be in babys mouth while feeding.   To help mum obtain a good latch, ask mum to hold baby in arm she is not feeding with and line baby to nipple. Use feeding hand to help manoeuvre the nipple in. Its less likely for the nipple to get sore if the latch is done correctly.   Annabelle will need to check to see if mums nipples are sore which may be causing her to tense up while feeding baby. If it is sore she can suggest: To keep feeding Luke because if she stops breastfeeding, it may be difficult to restart once her breasts in particular her nipples have healed. A short term option in the case of worse pain on either side, may be to feed from the breast which is not as painful. A nipple shield could be used in order to avoid further damage to mums nipple, although using the nipple shield can create a suction which can open the cracks on mums breasts. The main disadvantages to this method may be a reduction in the supply of milk and the nipple shield can alter how baby sucks. Many mothers have found relief by rubbing breast milk over their nipples after a feed or purified lanolin ointment, until healing occurs. This principle is called moist would healing. 2. What could be causing the pink patch? How would you remedy this? The pink patch could be caused by milk getting blocked in the ducts. Mastitis is caused when blocked ducts are not removed which turns into breast infections, mum will feel like she has the flu. Its advised to feed on the breast that has the blocked duct,  nurse frequently empty the breasts thoroughly.  Aim for nursing at least every 2 hours, keeping the affected breast as empty as possible, but not neglecting the other breast. When unable to breastfeed, mum should express milk frequently and thoroughly (with a breast pump or by hand). Mum will need to rest and have lots of fluids and nutritious foods to help strengthen her immune system. She should wear her bra loosely and remove any constrictive clothing to aid milk flow. Heat  and gentle  massage  before nursing also helps with blocked ducts. If the blocked duct doesnt clear then mum has to consult the doctor. If the blocked duct is not cleared it can turn into an abscess and may need to be drained. 3. What questions should you ask Susan about her feeding patterns since she got home, and why? I would ask Susan the following questions: How many times is she feeding Luke per day? Susan should be aiming to feed Luke between 8 10 times a day. Frequent feeding encourages good milk supply and will reduce engorgement. Is she feeding Luke on a schedule or when he appears to be hungry? There are differing viewpoints on which method is better. Personally I would recommend feeding when hungry as Susan has just brought Luke home from the hospital. How long does she allow Luke at the breast when feeding? It is important to allow Luke unlimited time at the breast when feeding to ensure he feeds well and has a good sleep. 4. Develop a plan to help Susan breastfeed successfully, saying why you recommend this. Breastfeed Luke according to his needs (on demand feeding) Breastfeeding Luke on demand will help prevent engorgement, reduce sore nipples and help to ensure the supply of milk matches babys hunger. Encourage Susan to keep Luke skin-to-skin for the first few weeks. This will encourage bonding between Susan and Luke and assist with stimulating the hormones needed to produce milk. Susan and Luke should sleep in the same room for the first few weeks. This will help Susan to learn Lukes feeding cues, this should not affect Susans sleep as research shows that even if new mums sleep in a different room, their sleep patterns often mirror their newborns. Encourage Susan not to use dummies or bottles. When feeding by bottle, babies have to use different tongue and jaw movements, this can confuse babies when switching between nipple and bottle. Encourage Susan to only feed Luke breast milk unless it becomes necessary to feed him something else. Breast milk provides all the nutrients and antibodies needed by Luke. If there are concerns about Lukes weight, Susan should try frequent feeding. Most mothers can produce enough breastmilk for their babies so it is best to try and feed baby more instead of resorting to supplementary feeding. Unit title Breastfeeding Support Skills Analyse the main benefits of breastfeeding Breastfeeding is good for a newborn as breast milk contains substances which cannot be reproduced or replaced by formula. Breast milk contains nutrients which newborns need and antibodies to protect newborns from infection. Breastfeeding is a positive experience for both mum and the newborn as it strengthens the maternal bond and makes the infant feel safe and nurtured. It allows the mum to provide the newborn with everything needed for good growth and development. The main benefits of breastfeeding are: Contains good balance of nutrients and antibodies in an easily digestible form. Can reduce onset of common allergies such as asthma and eczema. Minimises occurrence of illness such as diarrhoea, ear infections, respiratory illness and stomach bugs. Enhances special bond between mum and newborn. No cost involved and burns calories for mum. 2.1 Explain how the main structures of the breast are involved in lactation The main structures of the breast involved in lactation are the nipple, areola, lactiferous duct (milk duct) and the lobes of the mammary gland. When the newborn takes the nipple and areola into their mouth to suckle the areolar glands provide lubrication during breastfeeding. The milk ducts transport milk from the mammary glands to the nipple allowing the newborn to feed. Breast milk is released from milk duct orifices (holes) on the nipples surface. 2.2 Explain the role of hormones in producing and releasing breastmilk The below diagram and explanation alongside best explain the role of hormones in the production of breastmilk, obtained from the following website: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_saladin/folder_structure/re/m2/s6/index.htm 2.3 Identify and summarise the constituents of colostrums, foremilk and hindmilk There are 3 types of breastmilk, colostrum, foremilk and hindmilk. Colostrum: Yellowish colour. Produced before lactation begins, in the initial days after birth of the newborn. Rich in antibodies and nutrients. Foremilk: Is the milk the newborn first tastes during a feeding. Thin and lower in fat content. Hindmilk: Follows foremilk during feeding. High in calories and richer in fat content. 5.2 Explain how the effects of drugs can be passed to babies through breastmilk and ways in which this can be minimised When breastfeeding if the mum takes drugs, it is excreted into the milk which the newborn drinks. Depending on the drug taken by the mum, this can then have adverse effects on the newborn. Although these passed on substances are mildly filtered by the mothers metabolism their harmful effects still impact the newborn because of the small body-weight ratio. These harmful effects may be minimised by: Limiting the intake of the drugs. Extend the time between taking the drug and the babys feed, at least 2 to 3 hours. Try to feed newborn before taking drugs. Where possible take substitute drugs which are less harmful. References (below sites accessed between 1 February 2013 5 April 2013 http://www.nhs.uk http://www.nct.org.uk http://www.babycentre.co.uk http://www.mummypages.ie http://www.babycenter.com.au Home

Management and Leadership (ML) Reflection in Nursing

Management and Leadership (ML) Reflection in Nursing Description of the incident /near miss The incident occurred in a care centre that provides nursing care and support for 20 young people with a physical disability (YPD) and 65 older people. The settlement consists of four individual units; two â€Å"dementia†, one â€Å"residential† and one â€Å"YPD† providing care for people with many different conditions. Staff work allocated to individual units but is expected to help out in other than allocated units when necessary. One member of staff had a terrible attitude towards working/helping out in one of the dementia units and refused to do so when delegated to work there. This led to a challenging situation that could cause risks related to short staffing issues. The analysis relates to the key elements of competence: Management and Leadership (ML) The situation was critical to me because it undermined safeguarding practice, affected teamwork concept and disorganised work causing workload difficulties. It was linked with factors that could affect safety and pose risks to clients ( ML 1.13) and therefore as a leading member of staff I had to take action by organising work and co-ordinating duties by prioritising needs (ML 1.1). According to the company regulations both dementia units should have daily minimum 5 care and 1 trained staff and 4 +1 in the other two on duty. When all staff present at work on the incident’s day had been checked; the â€Å"residential unit† turned out to be overstaffed (5+1staff). I have decided to take advantage of this opportunity and utilise available human resources in order to provide care for the clients in my unit (ML 1.5; 1.6) and delegated a member from the â€Å"over staffed† unit to help us. It was obvious to me that I had to act non-judgementally to ensure equality and fairness towards all clients (ML 1.6) by allocating adequate number of staff for each unit. The refusal to help in dementia unit was motivated by â€Å"fear to work in an unknown environment†. However the members of staff on duty working in the unit that was short were experienced and well organised workers. The delegated member of staff who denied to help was explained that she could benefit from joining the experienced team and encouraged to learn more about dementia affected clients’ needs and how influence the clients outcomes (ML 1.3; 1.15). Feelings Knowing the group of clients in dementia units from my own experience; their needs and limited abilities to act for themselves, I felt obligated to act for them. As a leading, trained staff I had the duty to ensure the patient’s right to be cared appropriately was met and the power to organise and co-ordinate work. It was a good opportunity to point out questionable behaviours that had potential advantages for the improvement of quality of care in the Home. Also the incident gave me the chance to show recognition to the experienced members of the team by asking to guide the new (in the unit) colleague. Evaluation The ability to re-organise work in one unit, so that we could attempt to manage to work in the short staffed unit without calling agency or bank staff was a positive aspect. Awareness of the workload and the â€Å"routine† of work in the dementia units allowed me to think about what to do and how to do it. My main aim was to ensure â€Å"our† clients were safe and looked after appropriately. As soon as I have noticed that one unit was â€Å"overstaffed† I have decided to delegate one of their members to work with us. This might have been good in relation to co-ordinating work and the use of available resources but on the other hand it could have as well caused the incident. I planned the delegation effectively but the implications of the delegation of duties could have been explained first. Before co-ordinating and delegating I could have taken 5-10 minutes to explain to the delegated member of staff that she will work with an experienced team where support will be provided and that she could gain new experience and knowledge that she may well benefit from in the future. Nevertheless, I simply presumed that the perception of the situation was the same for everyone. I did not consider the feelings or experiences of the member of staff that was meant to be transferred to our unit for her shift. Once the situation was explained and an informal verbal warning was given to the â€Å"non-cooperative carer† she changed her mind and came to work with us. Analysis Key system policies for Scottish Social Care (Quality Compliance Systems, 2014) include amongst others ‘Safeguarding Arrangements’ and their reports, for example State of care 2013/14 (Care Quality Commission, 2013/14), demonstrate that ‘lack of staff’ is one of the most common reasons for safety issues. Reporting of Injuries Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) state what types of incidents/accidents have to be reported for further investigations (Health and Safety Executive, 2013). Although the described incident was classed as non RIDDOR reportable it had to be managed immediately in relation to Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005 (The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2008) Cartey and Clark (2010) claim that bearing in mind the patient’s right to be cared appropriately in a safe environment by adequate number of qualified and or purposely trained staff is enshrined within the constitution needs to go along with an understanding that care workers face many challenging situations that can affect their performance and at the same time the patient’s safety. Care staff deliver the majority of hands-on nursing care but all too often they are perceived by superiors as †numbers† and therefore it can be difficult for them to feel motivated, maintain high morale and values and play a good role in a team. It is expected that they are responsible (the service user needs to feel secure in the knowledge that they will be responsibly looked after), supportive, compassionate, respectful towards each other and the service users, sensitive, understanding and having good people- skills. However for this to be achieved they need to be led by good examples (Bertucci, 2006). The ideal example should according to Storey and Holti (2013) use a concept that is no exclusive to or within leadership. Therefore, mixing management styles e.g. autocratic command and control based to delegate duties effectively, organise and co-ordinate work with the ability to motivate and bring out the best in staff by communicating and sharing the mission and building partnerships within organisation ( democratic) is critical (Schein, 2010). Sims (2002) underlines the need for change in commitment to teams and teamwork where client centred and willing to focus on the customer needs attitude is seen as the key element. Teams are perceived as combined and unceasing efforts of everyone participating in care including not only healthcare givers and receivers but also planners (Walburg and Bevan, 2005). Alas, teams that are cohesive, productive do not happen by accident. The Care Quality Commission (2013/14) reports show that appropriate use of available human resources is a longstanding concern that affects the quality of care in nursing causing many issues. Therefore staff should be encouraged to work together even if they disagree or have different opinions in order to work out ways to resolve conflicts (Mickan, 2005). Explaining the idea of working in â€Å"the unknown† unit changed the attitude of the â€Å"uncooperative carer†. The mixed approach might have been more time consuming compared to a straight commanding but proved to work well. The approach used on that day helped to identify the cause of the problem, avoid risks related to it and motivate the team which had a positive effect on personal development. Should there be a just one style e.g. traditional management used, where the management is known to exercise power, fear and follow without question attitudes (Colins, 2001), the incident could have turned out from a near miss to a serious safety issue. Conclusion If the Manager would have paid more attention to developing and leading teams that work well together for the home as a whole prior to the incident, there would be no issue with working in other units and work could be co-ordinated and prioritised on the day of the incident in a different way. However, the incident made me realise that without my initiative to seek help from other units â€Å"our† clients would be put at risk and treated unfairly. This gave me the strength to use all my powers to mitigate the risks related to staffing challenges and manage the problem as effectively as possible. I knew I had to be strict but at the same time I wanted to act in a sensitive manner to avoid over emotional response that could have caused unwanted effects. What I have learned was to use mixed styles approach in practice. Action plan If a similar situation arose in the future I would start the day with a flash meeting; explaining the risks and consequences of leaving a unit short of staff to the whole team (all units). I would allow some extra time to make sure we all understand our role as caregivers to be flexible and accommodating that enables us to deal with different types of patients with greater ease. Then I would re-organise staff in units depending on the teams and needs of each unit; choose one inexperienced or new member of staff to work in the unit that would be short and explain that this is â€Å"learning by doing† day and offer my personal support to that member of staff.

Rome Essay -- History, Architecture

Early Rome was an architecturally diverse place. For the first centuries after its founding all the people of Rome lived in very simple huts devoid of any significant meaning. But during the rule under the Etruscans, they learned how to build more complex structures with specific purposes such as a sacred place where a god can be thought to dwell. Etruscan buildings cannot be seen though without Greek architectures’ indelible mark. Through the Etruscans, Rome learned how to build huge and complex structures where before that knowledge did not exist. This period of Roman architecture can be defined along with Rome’s governmental development. Republican Rome began in 509 B.C. and with it entered the beginning of Rome’s architectural greatness. â€Å"With the expulsion of the Etruscan kings Rome was free to shape her own destinies† (Sear 14). Since Rome was not restrained because of its conquerors it was free to create whatever they wished, however they wanted. While there was still a heavy Greek influence, a style developed that was distinctly Roman, but as Rome conquered nations across the Mediterranean Sea it absorbed their styles of building and it was shown in the buildings of their capital. Imperial Rome saw the highest and lowest point in Rome’s history. But during this time an enormous number of innovative and massive structures were built that defined Rome as the dominant power in the ancient world. During this time Rome reworked its earlier principles to be used in the government and religious buildings. Cement also played an important role in the ability to construct complex domes and ornate arches. Another major change that occurred was the extensive use of marble in construction, unlike earlier brick buildings.... ...ed the small farming village on the banks of the Tiber into a thriving city. Throughout the Republic of Rome, advances were made in complexity and design alongside the introductions to new cultures during Rome’s conquests. These conquests gave Rome the wealth and inspiration needed to create its massive buildings. All through the Empire, magnificent and colossal buildings were built which reflected the height of Roman power and wealth. â€Å"It is said of Augustus that he found Rome a city built of bricks but left it a city built of marble† (Clayton 22). This is very true of how Rome was rebuilt during its time as an empire and the dominant power in the world. From beginning to end, the Roman concept of architecture was based on shaping matter around space, and this only changed in complexity and in meaning, but never changed the foundation upon which it was built.

A War America Could have Won :: American America History

A War America Could have Won North Vietnam was battling for ownership of South Vietnam, so they could be a unified communist nation. To prevent the domino effect and further spread of communism, the USA troops in 1965 went into action against the Viet Cong until 1975. Not only did the greatest superpower in the world get bested by a third world nation, but also lost badly. Perhaps this war could have been won, or prevented in the first place. The USA could have and should have won this war, with a combination of better weapons usage, better tactics and better support from their home country. The First American combat troops in Vietnam landed at Da Nang in 8 March 1965 to defend the air base. With the exception of the nuclear weapon, every piece of equipment in America's mighty arsenal was used in the war. The USA President Lyndon Johnson said "Our goal was to deter and diminish the strength of the North Vietnamese aggressors and try to convince them to leave South Vietnam alone"#. Johnson limited the conflict to an air war at first, hoping to pound away and push the Viet Cong into giving in. He used planes such as the B-52 bomber to try to win the war as quickly as possible. So he unleashed a continuous bombing raid on North Vietnam. This was the raid known as 'Operation Rolling Thunder'. American scientist created an array of ultra-sensitive devices to detect the army. THE B-52 dropped bombs in large amounts of the defoliating gas, Agent Orange. Hundreds of millions of acres of jungle were destroyed and even fields of rice paddies were poisoned because of Agent Orange. Agent Orange was supposed to eliminate the Viet Cong's advantageous hiding places, but it only turned the people the American's were fighting for against them even more. Yet another type of bomb was used. Napalm was also another mistake. By using a flammable jelly to literally burn up all of North Vietnam, the USA not only killed more civilians than soldiers, but also raised several ethnical questions. Weighing the consequences of using weapons such as napalm and Agent Orange, the USA quite possibly could have won the Vietnam War completely through the use of air power. More tonnage of ordinance was dropped in any given week during Vietnam than during all other wars in the history of the world combined.

Things They Carried Essay: Disembodiment -- Things They Carried Essays

Disembodiment in The Things They Carried  Ã‚  Ã‚   With some knowledge of war, one can begin to appreciate Tim O' Brien's The Things They Carried.   But when the work is viewed in its strict historical context, another layer of   meaning rises to the surface.   Tim O' Brien is a veteran; as a result there are many things he takes for granted (or so we think) and does not tell us.   America's involvement in the Vietnam war resulted from internal domestic politics rather than from the national spirit.   American soldiers had to fight a war without a cause, i.e. they were disembodied from the war.   But O' Brien never tells us this explicitly.   When Viewed from a historical perspective, The Things They Carried contains several syntactic allusions to the idea of disembodiment from the war.    One of the more obvious allusions is "The Ghost Soldiers."   The very title seems to suggest disembodiment - as though something were present, yet nothing at all.   Whenever O' Brien is bleeding to death in the field, he says that he feels "hollow." (O' Brien, 238)   Is it from blood loss or from the ...

Children Education Essay

With the development of world, children’s education is important for every family. Education has been developing rapidly. There are many aspects that affect children’s education. Nowadays, more and more poor children cannot go to school because they do not have enough money. However, learning knowledge and receiving education for children are very important. Each state’s education is not the same. In some countries, there are children who are educated by their parents at home rather than being taught by teachers at school. If children do not have good educations, they cannot go to good university and their ideas cannot improve their countries. In China, we have nine years of compulsory education. It is good for children and every family. According to the research, the impacts on children’s education will be analyzed by responding to the following questions: 1. How does health effect children’s education? 2. How does IQ effect children’s education? 3. How does family effect children’s education? 4. How does money effect children’s education? How does health effect children’s education? As we know, the health is important for everybody, especially children’s education. Health includes two parts. One is mental health. Nowadays, we have good quality of life and children can go to good school to study. The economic situation of many family are good, so many parents want to their children to learn piano, guitar, dance and draw etc. Children do not have enough time to do what they like to do and relax mood. The pressure of the children is very big and they will be afraid to learn. The most important of all that excessive psychological pressure will do a lot of damage. Some of children had attempted suicide because of the parents give their too much pressure. Another one is physical health. In Australia, indigenous children have lower achievement levels and education levels generally speaking. (Lyons & Janca, 2012) In some poor countries, they study in bad environment. It is easy to get some diseases. Because of the health problem, some of students get some diseases during school time, so they will miss class. If you get some disease, you will infect other people. They do not have enough money to treat an illness. It is dangerous. In order to improve this situation, the government has implemented some equality treatment policy between indigenous and non- indigenous people. How does IQ effect children’s education? Everybody have different IQ. Every parent hopes their child has high IQ because their think the high IQ of learning is very important. Some necessary factors are effect children’s IQ. About children’s mental environment, the family is important to change children’s IQ. If the parents like to use brains, this is directly related to children’s mental development. If the parents are eager to learn, children will learn as parents. If the parents just require their child to learn everyday but their do not work, like that child will not be willing to listen to you. The family relationships are also important. The single mothers and married mothers affect education is different. Each family atmosphere, emotion, quality, can effect children IQ. (Am, 2001) According to the research, between urban and rural areas the IQ of children between 6 to 11 ages will be change. Children do not have any experiences of life, the IQ will become low; the families also do not have any conditions of social material life, children’s IQ will become lower. This is not good for children’s IQ development because children cannot try any new things and they cannot know much news. How does family effect children’s education? Nowadays, parents neglect their children in preschool education, this result in many kids have lower academic level and social skills then their classmate. Pre-education was assessed for children age between 60-72 months; the early education can teach children knowledge and let them cognitive more things. Aral et al. (2012) the early education can change children become more health and can change children negative behavior. Parents can better know how to lead and support their children to success. Every parent’s education mood is not the same and the parent’s ideas are important to effect children’s education. The most important is parents had to respect them and parents should pay attention to education child way, they have to insisting on respect while still helping him move toward manhood. (Dunn, 2011) Parents need create a good environment to raise children health and improve their social skill knowledge. According to the report, parents of children are encouraged to have a positive effect. A lot of information can support this point. How does money effect children education? At present, people attach great importance to the child’s education. Nowadays, social competition is very big. The money is important for every person. Because of some economic, many children cannot go to school and they cannot get a good education. Family has rich, children can get high education but if is the opposite, children just get normal education. Most family just have one child, their parents both hope they are can learn more things and pay a lot of money for their children. The condition of their school is very good than those normal school. Their school have different classroom that teach different course. Children can learn more different knowledge and they can learn their favorite hobby. In recently year, there are many economic crisis, it would affect wealthy districts and many poor countries need the countries found. In 2006 years, court ruling that ordered the state to give each child enough money can get a good education. (â€Å"Money†, 2011). In the conclusion, children education cannot be neglected today. Kids will become the core pillar of the world in the future. So, we must be concerned with them in many aspects, such as children’s health and family problem. In both psycho-health and physical health threaten children’s develop nowadays. Reference 1. Lyons, Z. , & Janca, A. (2012). Indigenous children in Australia: Health, education and optimism for the future. Australian Journal Of Education, 56(1), 5-21. 2. Aral, N. , Baran, G. , Gursoy, F. , Akyol, A. , Ayhan, A. , Bicakic, M. , & Erdogan, S. (2012). The effects of parent education programs on the development of children aged between 60 and 72 months. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 39(2), 241-249. doi:10. 2224 3. Am, E. (2001). Stability and change in children’s intelligence quotient scores: A comparison of two socioeconomically disparate communities. American Journal of Epidemiology. 154 (8), 711-777,doi:10. 1093/aje/154. 8. 711 4. Anna, M. (2012). Pay to the order of public school X. Schoolbook. Retrieved from: http://www. nytimes. com/schoolbook/2012/03/19/pay-to-the-order-of-public- school-x 5. (2012). Education. Global action week. Save the Children. Retrieved from: http://www. savethechildren. org/site/c. 8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b. 6153015/k. E633/Education. htm 6. Shiffman, C. (2011). Making It Visible: An Exploration of How Adult Education Participation Informs Parent Involvement in Education for School-Age Children. Adult Basic Education & Literacy Journal, 5(3), 161-170. Retrieved from: www. ebsochost. com 7. Rich district, poor district. (2011). The fiscal crisis. New York, NY, 9. Retrieved from: www. nytimes. com.

Distribution Channel of Banas Dairy Essay

The present study is conducted in the Banas Dairy sales area Genesis of Banas Dairy Late ShriGalbhabhai Patel established Banas Dairy with the dream of uplifting socio economic status of village farmers. This dream was fulfilled through the creation of a co-operative milk union for Banaskantha district, on the footprint of â€Å"Amul Dairy† of Kaira district, the ideal model of a Co-operative. Consequently eight village level co-operative milk societies in Vadgam and Palanpur taluk Ire registered and started collecting and pouring milk at DudhSagar Dairy, Mehsana from 3rd October 1966. The milk union got registered under Co-operative act on 31st January 1969 as Banaskantha District Co-operative milk producers’ Union Limited, popularly known as Banas Dairy. The foundation stone was laid by Late Galbabhai Nanjibhai Patel on 14th January 1971 at 122 acres land acquired near Jagana village in order to set up a dairy plant under the operation flood program launched by national Dairy development Board. On 7th May 1971’ the dairy started functioning at the same place with a capacity of 1. 5 lakh liters of milk per day. This has now been increased to 24. 3 lakh liters per day. The dairy has three automated plants with a wide 8-9 product lines. The small dream of Shri Galbabhai has now taken the shape of a co-operative of 1350 societies with around 15000 members. With the relentless efforts of dedicated and committed leadership, the dairy has won the trust of milk producers of Banaskantha district and has brought about a happy change in the lives of all its members. It has come up as a major revolution in the upliftment of the residents of the district. Mission and Vision Banas District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd. was established with the prime objective of eliminating the monopoly of private traders and providing the poor farmers the due that they deserve. Along with this it also ensures that the farmers are benefited the maximum out of their operations and activities. The mission of the organization is to provide sustainable means of livelihood to socio-economically downtrodden rural mass, while treading on the path of progress. The organization renews its vision every ten years. It strives to be a successful world class co-operative dairy. The objectives of the organization are clearly expressed through the quality policy, which states that: â€Å"I, the Banas Dairy, commit and aspire to fulfil the needs and expectations of our internal as Ill as external customers and delight them through our quality products and services. I shall achieve the goal through the followings: a). Applying principles of Quality Management Systems and Food Safety Management for continuous enrichment of our management processes. ). Providing remunerating returns, quality input services, introducing innovative and appropriate schemes and services to our milk producers. c). Motivating and providing and encouraging appropriate training for skill up-gradation of our employees. d). Protecting our value system and the environment by judicious use of all natural resources. † India is an agri- oriented country of the world. 70% people are living in rural area so I can say Indian peo ple are living in village the majority of population. The dream of late Galbabhai Patel, founder chairman and the selfless sage to uplift socio- economical status of village farmers came true after creation of a co- operative milk union for banaskantha district, on the foot print of â€Å"Amul Dairy†of kaira presently Anand) district on the model of true co operative milk societies in Vadgam and palanpur taluzka of district Ire registered and started collecting and pouring milk at Dudh Sagar dairy, Mahesana from 10th march 1969.

towards Vietnam

In 1961, under the President-ship of Kennedy, America took the middle path as considered to be the most conducive policy to solve crises in Vietnam. This middle path included sending of machinery and advisors instead of large-scale troops as was suggested in White Paper or as was being recommended by his advocators on a negotiation table. This decision proved futile as it accorded the increase in the chances of success of NLF.As more and more news began to pour in, tension arose in Kennedy’s government machinery and they escalated upon a plan of providing â€Å"Safe Hamlets† to the villagers developed by GVN. The main purpose was to segregate them from NLF, but this strategy too did not head to in any direction, as this resulted in alienating villagers further from the Saigon regime. This policy though helped GVN in reaching countryside yet ironically produced more cadres for the NLF. The years of war between 1963- 1968 in Vietnam were considered to be the years of Esca lation and Americanization.In 1963, as NLF was heading towards victory, Diem’s brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, attacked Buddhist pagodas of South Vietnam; this resulted in massive protests on the streets of Saigon, and several Buddhist monks committed self-immolation. This made Kennedy to send in coup in the same year. But some of the Diem’s own generals in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) approached Kennedy seeking request to overthrow Diem and on 1st November 1963, Deim and his brother was arrested and then later killed.But after three weeks, President Kennedy too was assassinated at Dallas. At the time of his assassination, there were 16,000 advisors. Though Kennedy’s policy was not much successful yet he was able to continue his war with very little military intervention, but as soon as new president, Lyndon Baines Johnson took over, his conviction and policy made him to show world, the military might of America. He took the firm stand and urged for attaini ng more powers after the raid of DAV on two of US ships in the Gulf of Tonkin shook him.But looking at the strategies being adopted by Communists parties creating hindrances in the war as well as in the political efforts of United States, the Johnson administration too advocated what they termed as â€Å"cold blood† strategy- a war but with very little resources and little effect on their own nation. But this also proved futile, as this war created an adverse effect on their domestic front to the extent that Mr. Johnson was forced to think on the domestic consequences of his every major decision.In 1964, Washington had made all the plans to send all military strengths as retaliation to Tonkin Gulf incident. By 1968, situation became worse when DRV and the NLF led unified attacks on the most important southern cities, which were known as Tet offensive in the West; its main purpose was to coax Johnson to sit on for negotiations. Though communists were defeated in battle yet it was psychological victory for them. As Johnson was totally burdened by the heavy weight of war and secondly opposition from his home front made him take a decision that made all the exercises of previous Presidents futile.He decided not to support re-nomination of Democratic Party for president and was ready to go in for negotiations with communists to put an end to war. In 1968, secret negotiations were started to end the war but soon Republican challenger Nixon took over the charge of President-ship who professed to have a secret plan to put an end to war. But this secret plan was nothing else then the strategic moves of Lyndon Johnson. He began what was termed as process of â€Å"Vietnamization† to bring to the ears of his own force that no Vietnamese was fighting in jungles of Southeast Asia and dying there.This made the substitution of air wars over the American troops who returned home. Nixon increased the air attacks over DRV and for ground battle sent, ARVN. He also a ttacked Laus and Cambodia to put a barrier and an end to the communists supply routes and their safe sanctuaries. This was violation of the international rights of these countries. The air war had a little or no effect on Communists, but they continued with their efforts to make more and more demands in Paris. Though Nixon’s approach made critics quite but his repeated attacks as a protective cover for the retreat of American troops irritated U.S citizens and paved the path for the U. S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and DRV representatives Xuan Thuy and Le Duc to think on peaceful lines of Paris. Many owe the strategic failure to President Lyndon Johnson’s policies, as it was during his tenure that America saw most of casualties. But according to Jeffrey Kimball, President Nixon was responsible for these states of affairs. He wrote in his much thought provoking book â€Å"Nixon's Vietnam War 1998†, that President Nixon must be held, responsible and account able, for the failure.It was quite true that America made wrong assessment of the strong folds of North Vietnamese in their soil and tried to resolve the problem with military strength, which was in itself a wrong move. Kimball argued that when Nixon took over the office, he was aware of the fact that this war could not be won militarily yet he resorted for war because only by showing their might, they could force Hanoi into negotiations favorable to Nixon’s view of honorable peace. His statement was based on the United States interest at the international level and on owing to his reelection. 4 Accordingly they wanted to endorse the President-ship of Thieu.This device was a strategy to take America out of Vietnam on certain terms, but there were many uncertain in-linking parts like risk from China, several schemes of negotiations, effect on societies and Vietnamization etc, and all did not prove to be as effective as was supposed to be. He believed his political success to b e based on the mad man theory: the efforts to make his enemies think that his opposition for communism was so strong that he could go to any extent like put in maximum force that would not only be accordingly disproportionate in size but also extremely dangerous.5 Along with this, there was certain element of uncertainty, a policy forcing enemies to think on multitude lines on one subject to confuse them. The years, 1962 to1969 were the years of great dissatisfaction and American’s strategic misnomers on the Vietnam soils. Vietnam passing through the strategic influence of three American regimes only retaliated harsher. Though the Nixon policy also could not be considered as full success yet his strategy at least paved the path for both himself and Kissinger think that the best they could have done was to promise Thieu government a â€Å"decent interval† 6 of security once Americans would leave Vietnam.Bibliography Brigham, Robert, Battlefield Vietnam: A Brief History, PBS. org. , (1 March 2008) Daum, Andreas Gardner, Lloyd and Mausbach, Wilfried, America, the Vietnam War, and the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Kimball, Jeffrey, Nixon’s Vietnam War 1998, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1998.